三种含钙物质对土壤砷植物有效性的影响

综述含钙物质（生石灰（CaO）、熟石灰（Ca （OH）₂）及石灰石（CaCO₃））对土壤理化性质（pH值、有机质成分及其含量）、土壤微生物群落结构和As赋存形态及生物有效性的影响与机制,及其对植物As吸收积累和As耐性的影响与机制.综述内容可为准确理解含钙物质影响土壤As的生物有效性和植物对As吸收积累的过程机制,进而合理选择含钙物质调控土壤理化性质降低土壤As生物有效性及其生态环境风险提供理论依据和技术参考,对保障土壤种植安全和作物食品安全具有一定现实意义.     

华北四城市生活污水中农药残留及健康风险

分析了华北地区北京、太原、呼和浩特和石家庄4个城市生活污水中的21种农药浓度,计算了污水中的农药残留量,结合蔬果加工因子和蔬果消费量,近似推算城市蔬果上的农药残留量,评价农药残留的健康风险.结果显示,4个城市的生活污水中,石家庄21种农药的综合千人均残留量最高,为454.89mg/（千人·d）,呼和浩特最低,为63.69mg/（千人·d）.所检测的21种农药中,多菌灵的残留浓度相对较高,为224.22~1328.07ng/L,千人均残留量为49.98~424.98mg/（千人·d）,多菌灵在4个城市的农药残留中占比均最高,为51.35%（北京）~93.43%（石家庄）,其他占比较高的农药包括吡虫啉和氯虫苯甲酰胺,这体现出华北地区蔬果农药使用具有相似的结构特征.根据生活污水中的农药残留推算蔬果农药残留量,石家庄多菌灵的蔬果残留量最高,为5.04mg/kg.北京吡虫啉和氯虫苯甲酰胺的蔬果残留量也相对较高.通过日均潜在摄入量与每日允许摄入量比较,这些农药残留的长期健康风险相对较低.     

Millennium Consumption Goals (MCGs) for Rio+20 and beyond: A practical step towards global sustainability

In January 2011, the idea of Millennium Consumption Goals (MCGs) was first proposed at the United Nations, because unsustainable patterns of consumption and production have led to multiple problems threatening the future of humanity. The global economy driven by consumption already uses natural resources equivalent to almost 1.5 planets earth, with the world's richest 1.4 billion consuming almost 85% of global output, which is over 60 fold the consumption of the poorest 1.4 billion. The consumption of the rich is not only ecologically unsustainable, but also “crowding out” the prospects of the poor and exacerbating inequalities that increase the risk of conflict and global unrest. The MCGs provide an innovative future vision and complement the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that aim to help the world's poor. First, the MCGs seek to address the issues of global poverty and inequality by ensuring that the basic consumption needs of over 2 billion poor people are met. Next, the MCGs will provide benchmarks for the consumption of the rich, which will reduce the burden on the world's natural resource base. Instead of viewing the affluent as a problem, the novel approach of the MCGs would persuade them to contribute to the solution without having to reduce their quality of life. The MCGs apply even‐handedly to the rich in all countries. The concept enjoys broad support worldwide and is being promoted by a global coalition called the MCG Initiative (MCGI). A bottom‐up approach has already been started by many pioneering individuals, communities, organizations, firms, cities, regions and nations. They prefer not to wait for broad multilateral agreements and are acting now, to voluntarily pursue their own specific MCGs. A parallel top‐down path is being pursued through mandatory agreements at the United Nations/international level, starting with the Rio+20 Earth Summit and beyond. The MCGs fit in with other major UN initiatives like Agenda 21, the MDGs, green economy, SCP and the Sustainable Development Goals.     

Energy consumption analysis of ABS plastic parts injected in a hybrid injection moulding machine

The energy analysis of injection moulding processes is influenced by complex interactions amongst the moulded part, its material, the injection machine, the process parameters and the environmental conditions. The availability of energy usage analyses that comprehend information on specific materials and machine kind is limited. This paper reports a study that estimates and analyses the power usage profile (PUP), the specific energy consumption (SEC), and the energy distribution at an operation level of two different injected parts made of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and produced in a hybrid injection moulding machine. The methodology followed by the authors incorporates an experiment carried out in an industrial facility. A large sample size, and data-acquisition and data post-processing processes to obtain an accurate PUP and SEC are used. A breakdown of the energy consumed by the injection moulding process of the parts studied at an operation level using Sankey diagrams is discussed. The study results are used to identify strategies to reduce the energy consumed by the processes. The methodology employed, and the strategies reported could be used with other plastic parts regardless of the material and machine used. The results reported are new experimental data useful input for theoretical models.     

餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化

在中试规模下,研究餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化试验,通过监测餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH4+-N、VFAs等化学指标含量变化,确定餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,在工程上餐厨垃圾单独进行高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性,但难以保证系统长时间安全稳定运行;餐厨垃圾厌氧消化正常运行时最大有机负荷可达2.551 kg VS/(m3.d);当系统有机负荷为2.551 kg VS/(m3.d)时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.622 m3;氨氮对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷影响明显;餐厨垃圾中固有Na+含量对厌氧消化产甲烷影响不明显。     

深圳笔架山水厂优化节水的实验研究

针对目前我国城镇需水量大、原水费用高的问题,大多数水厂通过降低自用水量的方式节约水资源。经过在笔架山水厂进行的生产性实验,优化耗水工艺的运行条件,挖潜了该水厂的节水空间,自用水量降低。优化后,全处理系统可节约水资源76.83万m3/a,耗水率由原来的2.08%下降到1.49%,同时水厂的经济效益也得到了显著提高,优化后可在原来的基础上节约运行成本近60万元/a。     

中国农村居民可再生能源生活消费的碳排放评估

农村居民能源消费涉及能源安全、环境效应、新农村建设等多个方面,从发展趋势来看,在未来相当长的时期内,秸秆、薪柴等传统生物质能仍是我国农村居民的主要生活能源.本文在分析了我国农村居民可再生能源生活消费现状的基础上,测算了1998 -2007年农村居民可再生能源生活消费的碳排放,评估了农村居民可再生能源生活消费的环境效应.得出结论:在我国农村居民能源生活消费的过程中,碳排放的主体是秸秆和薪柴等生物质能的传统利用,其次是商品性能源的使用.在未来的发展过程中,农村居民能源消费必须依靠农村丰富的可再生资源,优化物质循环过程,变生物质能的传统利用为清洁利用,减少温室气体排放,实现改善农村环境,减缓和适应气候变化的总体发展目标.     

三种用水管理制度下的高校学生用水调查与分析

通过在全国范围内26所高校(包括41个校区)用水管理制度和在校学生用水情况的问卷调查,针对目前高校现行的3种用水管理制度,利用Pearson相关系数及相关性检验的方法比较分析了学生个人或寝室的用水量及用水效率的差异,并探讨了不同用水管理制度对于培养学生树立良好的节水意识和用水习惯的效果。计算结果表明,无需缴纳水费的用水管理制度所产生的人均耗水量最大;而给予一定补贴,超额后需缴费的用水管理制度最能为广大学生所接受,且节水效果相对最好。在此基础上,还提出了改善用水管理制度和促进学生提高节水意识、实现高效节约用水的建议。     

中国省域低碳经济发展水平及其空间过程评价

大气温室气体浓度日益攀升,极端气候现象频发,引发了全球对低碳经济的研究和实践.中国在应对气候变化和推进温室气体减排方面发挥着重要作用,走低碳发展之路是一条科学发展之路.为全面认识低碳经济,该文针对低碳经济的内涵,设计了低碳经济发展水平评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法对2007年我国省域低碳经济发展水平进行了综合评价.结果显示:①不同省份低碳经济发展水平存在较大差异,总体呈“东高西低”、“南高北低”、“局部跳跃”的格局;②不同省份低碳发展水平具有明显的阶段性,整体呈逐步增加的趋势;③低碳经济发展水平差异化的原因是能源分布、能源利用、发展水平、地理环境、消费观念、消费模式等多种因素综合作用的结果.基于此,今后我国在保持经济持续快速发展的同时,要逐步加强低碳排放的管理、控制和引导,通过转变经济发展模式、加大科技投入、引导消费行为、优化能源结构、增加碳汇资源,来增强低碳经济发展能力.     

Factors affecting the quantitative uncertainty of the estimated short-term intake. Part II—Practical examples

ABSTRACT

The effects of the spread of residue concentrations in the samples derived from the selected supervised trials and the number of trials were studied on the magnitude and uncertainty of the short-term dietary intakes calculated with the proposed new procedure (IESTI_p) and that one used currently by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and WHO (World Health Organization) Joint meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) (IESTI_c). The residue data of 10 pesticides were obtained from supervised trials conducted on apples and pears. The methods described in Part I were used for the calculations of the uncertainty. The results indicate that the ratio of IESTI_P to IESTI_c (φ_IESTI) is directly proportional to the ratio of the estimated maximum residue level (MRL), recommended by the JMPR; to the highest residue (HR) observed in supervised trials, and it may have a wide range depending on the particular conditions. The φ_IESTI becomes greater with the increase of the difference between the mrl or maximum residue limit (MRL, established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC) and HR, and becomes smaller if the difference between the large portion (LP) and unit mass (U) decreases. The φ_IESTI ranged between 2 and 5.1 in the 16 cases examined indicating that the IESTI_p calculation method leads to higher intake estimates. The ratio of CV_IESTIp and CV_IESTIc ranged typically between 0.62 and 1.71. It rapidly increased up to 12 trials. For a larger number of trials, the ratio remained practically constant (1.69–1.71). The processing factor (PF) equally affects the MRL and HR values, therefore, it will not practically influence the φ_IESTI. The uncertainty of the estimated median residues depends on the spread and number of values in the residue datasets, which affects the uncertainty of the conversion factor (CF) and subsequently the uncertainty of the estimated IESTI_p. Residue values obtained from minimum nine independent trials are required for the correct calculation of the 95% confidence intervals of the calculated median residues. The uncertainty of the analytical results directly affects the median, HR values and indirectly the calculated mrl and the MRL derived from it. Therefore, it should also be considered for the calculation of the combined uncertainty of the conversion factors. For the correct interpretation of the results of dietary exposure calculations, the upper 95% confidence limit of the short-term intake should also be considered. However, it is not the current practice of regulatory agencies or JMPR.